How your brain finds your car keys...

The saying that it's impossible to step into the same river twice may be true, at least as far as the brain is concerned.

Different neurons in a brain region called the dentate gyrus fire when encountering a place for the first or second time. Different brain cells also fire to distinguish subtle changes in familiar terrain, new research in mice suggests.

The findings, which were published March 20 in the journal eLife, may help unravel how the brain tracks minute changes in our everyday environments, a process known as pattern separation. The phenomenon is how we find our car keys or wallet, for instance.

"Everyday, we have to remember subtle differences between how things are today versus how they were yesterday, from where we parked our car to where we left our cellphone," said study co-author Fred H. Gage, a neuroscientist at the Salk Institute, in a statement. "We found how the brain makes these distinctions, by storing separate 'recordings' of each environment in the dentate gyrus." 

Small differencesSeveral studies suggested that a brain region called the hippocampus helps people navigate and orient themselves in space, in part by retrieving memories from different environments. For instance, London cabbies have more hippocampal gray matter after training in navigation.  

But exactly how the hippocampus sifted memories of new and familiar places wasn't fully understood.

Previous studies found that a sub-region of the hippocampus, called the dentate gyrus, helped the brain pick out important patterns from detail-rich memories of the environment — such as where someone placed their keys from one day to the next. The same region may play a role in the eerie feeling of déjà vu.

Different brain cellsTo find out, Gage and his colleagues measured firing from neurons, or brain cells, in mice as they navigated a new chamber.

They then recorded their brain activity while the same mice explored either the exact same chamber or a very similar one.

The team found that neurons in a sub-region of the hippocampus called CA-1 fired when mice were in both new and familiar environments. But in the dentate gyrus, different groups of neurons fired in undiscovered territory versus familiar spaces. Different collections of cells also fired in the dentate gyrus in the two similar chambers.

The findings suggest the neurons that encode our memories of a new place are different from those that fire when we revisit it and notice its subtle transformations.